Which modalities comprise negative augmented feedback used to effect change in a student's behavior?

• A. Intrinsic feedback
• B. Verbal & non-verbal
• C. Self-talk
• D. Biofeedback devices

Answer: (B)

Negative augmented feedback consists of external information provided after a performance that highlights errors so the learner can adjust next time. The most effective and common ways to deliver this are verbal cues—spoken corrections, instructions, or comments—and non-verbal cues, such as demonstrations, modeling, gestures, facial expressions, or other observable signals. These external modalities directly communicate what needs to change, without relying on the learner’s own internal sensing or self-talk. Intrinsic feedback is internal by nature, not augmented. Self-talk is the learner’s own internal dialogue, not an external signal. While biofeedback devices provide external data, they are more about measurable states than the immediate corrective guidance typical of negative augmented feedback in coaching or teaching. Verbal and non-verbal information best serve the goal of signaling errors to drive change.